About Android App Development Course From Early Days to Q

Android Versions from Early Days to Q

Android’s environment is based on Linux Operating System. It was founded in Palo Alto, California, in 2003. It is initially designed for touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablets. However, now Android is everywhere, most of the companies making Android-based smartwatches, smart glasses, home automation systems, automatic home appliances, automatic cars, cameras, smart TVs, etc. just by using source code of it because it is an open-source operating system. These days most people are using android OS in their smartphones.

The Android OS is a powerful OS, and it supports a vast number of applications in android mobile. Android applications are advanced for users and easy to use. It supports ARM architecture-based hardware.

It also supports JAVA programming language. Packages like API & JSE are not supported in Android.

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Android Operating System is a collection of software programs which are divided into five main sections:

1. Linux Kernel
2. Libraries
3. Android Runtime
4. Applications
5. Application Framework

Linux Kernel

Android runs on a powerful Linux kernel, and it supports most of the hardware drivers. The kernel is called the heart of the operating system, which controls all input and output operations that are requested by the software.  The kernel also controls all functionalities of the device such as memory management, process management, device management (touch screen, camera, display, power button, volume rocker keys, etc.), basically kernel controls and

manages everything of a device. Linux is efficient in networking, so it does not need to interface to the peripheral devices.

The kernel does not interact directly to the users; it interacts through the shell, programs, and by hardware devices attached to the system.
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Libraries

Linux kernel contains a set of libraries such as WebKit, library libc, which contains an open-source web browser. These libraries are used to play and record audios and videos. SQLite is a database library that is used to store and share data of an application. For internet security purposes, Linux kernel contains SSL libraries.There are so many Android App Development Training Institute in Delhi where you can take training to make Libraries for any application.

Android Runtime

Android Runtime (ART) is used to manage runtime, used by applications and system services of a device. It provides a key component that is known as Dalvik Virtual Machine, which is too similar in JAVA virtual machine. Dalvik Virtual Machine works as a process virtual machine in an android OS. It is software that runs applications in an android device. It uses Linux core features such as memory management as well as multithreading, which belongs to JAVA language. It allows android applications to run its own processes. It runs the file in .dex format.

Applications Applications are collections of programs, and different applications perform different types of tasks. For example, applications are google drive, calculator, music, contacts, books, browsers, etc. Each application performs a different task compared to other applications.

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Application Framework

Application framework offers high-level services to the apps such as view system, resource manager, windows manager, etc. The app developers are free to use these kinds of services in their applications. Take Android Coaching for a better knowledge of the Application Framework.

Versions of Android

Android 1.1 – The Early Days

Android 1.5 – Cupcake

Android 1.6 – Donut

Android 2.0

Android 2.1 – Éclair

Android 2.2 – Froyo

Android 2.3 — Android 2.4 – Gingerbread

Android 3.0 — Android 3.1, Android 3.2 – Honeycomb

Android 4.0 – Ice Cream Sandwich

Android 4.1 – Jelly Bean

Android 4.4 – KitKat

Android 5 – Lollipop

Android 6 – Marshmallow

Android 7 – Nougat

Android 8 – Oreo

Android 9 – Pie

This android version introduced with new inbuilt applications of Google, such as Gmail, Maps, Calendar, and YouTube, etc.

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Android 1.5 – Cupcake

Cupcake introduced with two new functions, which were the on-screen keyboard and video recording option.

Android 1.6 – Donut

Donut came in the market, including the ability for the OS to be operated on different size and resolution of screen sizes. It also added with CDMA networks like Verizon.

Android 2.0, Android 2.1 – Éclair

Eclair released with the addition of voice-guided turn-by-turn navigation and real-time traffic info. Eclair brought live wallpapers for the android system as well as the speech-to-text function and pinch-to-zoom capability.

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Android 2.2 – Froyo

Froyo introduced functions like front-facing, including the addition of standard dock at the bottom of the home screen as well as the voice access control, which allowed users to do basic tasks like getting directions on the Google map and making notes by just tapping an icon and then speaking a command. Froyo also brought Android’s first web browser.

Android 2.3, Android 2.4 – Gingerbread

Android got its first true visual identity. Bright green had been the color of Android’s robot mascot, but with Gingerbread, it became the internal part of the operating system’s appearance.

Android 3.0, Android 3.1, Android 3.2 – Honeycomb

Honeycomb introduced with a dramatically reimagined UI for Android. It contained a space similar to ‘holographic’ design, which traded the platform’s trademark green for blue and placed emphasis on making the most of the tablet’s screen space. It was the first software which introduced with first time on-screen buttons for Android’s main navigational commands.

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Android 4.0 – Ice Cream Sandwich

Sandwich continued with core system elements like on-screen buttons as well as the card-like appearance for app-switching. It is also introduced with a swipe away things like notifications and recent applications.

Android 4.1 – Jelly Bean

Jelly Bean came with expandable and interactive notifications, an expanded voice search system, and it introduced an advanced system for displaying search results, with keeping focused on card-based results that attempted to answer the questions directly. Android’s first Quick Setting panel showed up, and multiuser support came.

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Android 4.4 – KitKat

KitKat ended Android’s Dark Era as the black of Gingerbread and blues of honeycomb. KitKat came with a lighter background and neutral highlights like transparent status bar and white icons. KitKat was the first Android’s version that

came with “OK, Google” support, but the hands-free prompt was working only if your screen is already on or if you were on the home screen or inside the Google application.

Android 5 – Lollipop

Lollipop introduced with new features into Android Operating System; the main feature was hands-free voice control via speaking “OK, Google” command, multiuser support, and a priority mode for better notification management.

Android 6 – Marshmallow

Marshmallow’s most eye-grabbing feature was a screen-search feature known as Now On tap.

Android 7 – Nougat

Nougat introduced with new features like split-screen mode (a new system to organize notifications) and a data saver feature. Nougat also introduced with some small features, but it was also useful, too, like an Alt-Tab shortcut for switching between applications.

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Among these features, Nougat launched with Google Assistant through which Google introduced its first entirely self-made mobile, the Pixel.

Android 8 – Oreo

Oreo added with a variety of most elegant features, including a native picture-in-picture mode, a snoozing notification option, and a notification controlling option that allows controlling, how an application can alert you.

Android 9 – Pie

Pie’s most innovative change was its navigation button system, which enhanced Android’s traditional Back, Home, multifunctional Home button, and a small Back button, which appeared alongside it when it needed.

It also introduced with a universal suggested-reply system for messaging notifications, a new dashboard for Digital Wellbeing controls, and an enhanced system for power and screen brightness management.

Few smaller but too useful features were also introduced to the Pie, including a better way to handle Wi-Fi hotspot, Battery Saver mode, privacy, and security features.

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Android 10 – Q

This software is introduced with a totally reimagined interface for Android gestures, this time it is your choice that you want to tap on the back button altogether and to rely on an utterly swipe-driven approach to system navigation or if you don’t want to do this, then you can use Android’s traditional three-button system as an option on all mobiles.

Q is also introduced with plenty of other new improved features including an updated permission system that gives the user more control that how and when applications are able to access ‘location data’ as an expanded security system for protecting unique identified devices (which can be used as to track the device’s activity all over the time).

Android 10 also supports a dark theme for the System UI and a new focus mode that gives you the accessibility that the user can limits distractions from specific apps by tapping on an on-screen button.

Benefits of Android OS As we know, Android is an open-source code for everyone: developers, device makers, and designers. It means that more people can do the experiment,

• imagine and create things which they can imagine and which world has never seen.

• When you are using an android device, you have security on your data, which never stops working. Google Play Protect scans all your applications whenever they are installed, software gets regular security updates with fixed bugs, and the android platform is improving day-by-day. It is a security guard who never takes a single break.

• In the Android system, it is all upon you that which permissions the user wants to give to an application, the user has to decide when and where the user wants to share their data like Web & Application activity or Location History. If an app accesses the user’s location even when the user is not using it, the user will get a notification. If the user wants to change permissions, the user can change it anytime, as all the user’s privacy settings are in a single place.

• Through Digital Wellbeing, there are different tools for the user through that the user can understand and track how the user uses their smartphone and can decide how the user’s smartphone will work for the user. Like unplugging, avoiding distractions, or just winding down before going to bed.

• The Dashboard is the best example. It gives the user very beneficial information about the user’s device like screen time, how many times the user unlock their mobile, and many more. Moreover, it is only one of the few tools the user gets with the Digital Wellbeing.

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• Everyone has a different way, how they use their Mobiles. That is why Android is introducing new features in each update and products that work for all the according to their ways that how they want to experience the world.
  Screen readers, Sound mufflers, and AR walking guides are a few examples of it. When it comes to technology, there are no-limit fits all.

Advantages of Android OS

• As it is based on the Linux operating system, it can be modified by anyone.
• Easy access to Android-based applications.
• The user can change the mass storage, battery, disk drive, and UDB options in Android devices.
• The main advantage is that it supports all types of Google Services.
• Android OS is able to inform about user’s new SMS, Emails, notifications of applications, and latest updates.
• It is multitasking supported Operating System.
• Android devices can work as internet hosts to share the internet.

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• The user can easily install a modified ROM or can modify pre-installed ROM.
• It also supports 2D and 3D graphics as per application requirements.

Disadvantages of Android OS

• On all the developer side, coding is too complicated for users, user experiences, and interfaces it, as an often difficult task that demands a higher code on Java compare to Objective-C.
• Complex layouts and animations are too hard to code.
• A fast battery draining issue occurs due to many processes in the background.
• Low security and fake apps can be installed easily; even sometimes, it is also not possible for the Google Play Protect to scan these kinds of applications.
• Fragmentation is too high in devices.
• When the user runs a large size of Apps/Games, most of the time, OS shows a ‘force close’ error, which is too annoying.
• Background processes eat so much of mobile data.
• While the system has many running processes in the background, this leads to high usage of RAM and tends to decrease Processor Performance.
• Most of the apps are free to use, but they come with many Ads that display on the app screen or display whenever the user performs any action in the app.

• For installing any app from Google Play Store, it is must to have a Gmail account. The user also needs a Google account to use their software.
• Mobile overheats due to overuse, connected to a Bluetooth device for too long, updating the software, running massive apps/games, etc.